Inventory Optimization
What are the Main Elements of Inventory Optimization?
To enhance supply chain efficiency, managers must approach inventory optimization from multiple perspectives. Though inventory optimization covers many aspects, it typically involves three crucial factors that must be effectively addressed.
The main elements of inventory optimization are:
1. Demand Forecasting
Precise demand forecasting plays a vital role in supply chain inventory optimization solutions. The approach to demand and supply chain forecasting depends on multiple factors, such as product type, service nature, industry category, and product life cycle stages. While some forecasting techniques lean on past demand, others require sales team estimates.
A deep understanding of the inventory volume and product life cycle plays a crucial role in effective demand forecasting required for optimizing demand and discovering the position of SKUs in the life cycle.
2. Inventory Strategy
Managing product inventory requires thoroughly comprehending which products to stock, when, and how many. To optimize this process, many companies employ ABC analysis to classify products based on their annual consumption value to determine optimal quantities.
Additionally, identifying the appropriate safety stock to accommodate changes in demand or unexpected disruptions is crucial.
3. Stock Replenishment
Stock replenishment starts with determining when and how much each item needs to be reordered. Managers need to consider each supplier’s lead time and production cycles, as well as the reliability of their deliveries.
Supply chain managers also have to monitor goods currently in transit, not just those in stock at the warehouse. Both factors are essential to ensuring smooth operation and meeting customer demand.
How to Analyze Supply Chain Inventory?
Inventory analytics can go a long way in understanding and improving inventory performance. It’s up to the inventory manager to ensure the key performance indicators (KPIs) are aligned with the available inventory and work on identifying key areas that are performing well or those aspects that require attention.
All essential data points, including products, suppliers, procurement, purchases, and sales, can be tracked from the inventory management system, and the inventory goals can be further used to categorize inventory metrics for demand optimization.
What are the Best Approaches to Inventory Optimization for Supply Chains?
Various strategies are available to companies to effectively maintain control of their inventory levels and ultimately optimize their entire supply chain. When a mix of these methods is implemented, companies can adequately tackle the challenge of maintaining their inventory in proper balance with demand and decrease expenses associated with inventory management.
Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)
VMI is a technique used to transfer inventory management responsibilities to suppliers. This technique can help companies reduce the costs associated with managing inventory. Under VMI, suppliers are responsible for monitoring inventory levels and replenishing inventory as needed.
ABC Analysis
ABC analysis is a technique used to categorize inventory based on its value. Companies can use this technique to prioritize inventory management efforts and focus on the most valuable items. Under ABC analysis, inventory is categorized into three groups:
- A items, high-value items that require close monitoring.
- B items, which are medium-value items that require moderate monitoring.
- C items, which are low-value items that require minimal monitoring.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
EOQ is a technique used to determine the optimal order quantity to minimize the costs associated with ordering and holding inventory. EOQ considers the costs of ordering inventory, the costs of maintaining inventory, and the demand for inventory.
EOQ can help companies reduce the costs of managing inventory and improve their inventory management processes.
Safety Stock Management
Safety stock is the amount of inventory held to protect against stockouts. Companies must have a clear understanding of the appropriate level of safety stock to ensure that they can meet customer demand. Safety stock management involves balancing the costs of holding safety stock against the costs of stockouts and lost sales.
Challenges to Optimizing Supply Chain Inventory Management
Inventory management can be a complex and costly process for many businesses. Manual management can lead to incorrect inventory records, excessive or insufficient inventory buildup, and frequent unnecessary expenditure of time and financial resources.
There are several challenges that companies face when trying to optimize their inventory management, most of them can be pinned down to:
Demand Forecasting Challenges
Accurately predicting sales during fluctuating demand cycles is a core concern due to the challenge of achieving precise forecasting. When sales forecasting is imprecise, stocking levels become less accurate, ultimately leading to possible negative impacts on customer service levels.
Traditional Inventory Management
Most traditional inventory management methods need to be revised with modern e-commerce techniques. The more complex the volume of sales and bulk shipments, the more arduous conventional inventory management becomes.
Multi-channel Fulfillment
Navigating the modern retail landscape requires managing inventory levels to meet sales velocity. However, this task can be challenging due to the numerous order fulfillment channels and varying KPIs for online and offline stores. Consequently, this results in multiple complex variables that require careful consideration.
Deadstock
When certain products lose relevance, fall out of popularity, or become useless, they become dead stock and prevent proper inventory optimization. The longer they sit without being sold (typically over 12 months), the more excess inventory accumulates and can affect upcoming purchases of similar items, ultimately hindering general inventory management endeavors.
Lack of Automation
Most suppliers and retailers still rely on outdated, manual distribution processes. This lack of automation and digitization severely limits their ability to integrate technological solutions, such as Artificial Intelligence, that could boost efficiency.
The result is a slow and haphazard approach to stocking levels, as the sluggishness of physical processes hampers swift decision-making.
Lack of Performance Tracking Mechanisms
Keeping track of how well inventory is performing can help efforts to optimize it. Precise inventory tracking and reporting to measure tangible and intangible variables is essential for ramping efficiency. Product managers must vigilantly monitor daily fill rates and inventory turnover based on sales cycles to circumvent potential mishaps.
What are the Best Practices of Supply Chain Inventory Optimization?
To be successful in the supply chain industry, it is important to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and best practices. Here are our top 5 recommendations for continuous inventory optimization that lead to peak performance:
1. Review the Inventory Systems in Place
Employing an effective inventory review system can significantly facilitate the process of streamlining inventory management. Two primary types of review systems are the Continuous Review System and the Periodic Review.
In the former system, quantities of items are ordered in every cycle, and inventory levels are continually monitored to renew stocks whenever an item falls below a certain threshold amount.
Whereas in the latter system, items are ordered regularly along predetermined cycles based on quality levels, and no predetermined reorder levels are maintained.
2. Implement Adequate Quality Control Practices
An accurate quality control process ensures inventory quality is directly linked to customer satisfaction and business growth. First, manufacturers can create checklists that provide all procedures to be followed while taking stock of products and then move to standard operating procedures to qualify or disqualify products.
Establishing common goals of inspection can help streamline quality check procedures. This inventory optimization best practice can avoid over or under-stocking as workers will no longer offer customers inappropriate merchandise.
3. Apply Relevant Forecasting Techniques
Manufacturers utilize a variety of inventory optimization techniques when predicting future stock trends to improve accuracy. These techniques function as checkpoints aimed at preventing over or under-stocking.
A combination of historical and predictive measures are employed along with computer-assisted multi-model simulators, working together to calculate inventory requirements in the fore-seeable future. Certain manufacturers additionally consider AI-backed analytics to make predictions about future customer demands.
4. Leverage Just-In-Time (JIT) Principles
In response to increased consumer need for personalized items, numerous retailers and producers have implemented efficient inventory methods rooted in JIT principles throughout the last 20 years.
Utilizing strategic JIT manufacturing, purchasing, and delivery methods, these manufacturers significantly boost optimal supply chain and JIT efficiency by improving inventory purchasing and delivery processes as well as eliminating operational constraints within factories causing bottlenecks in inventory workflow, thereby wasting innovative potential.
5. Have a Well-planned Inventory Budget
An yearly inventory budget is commonplace for manufacturers. Typically devised before inventory acquisition, it covers the comprehensive expenses of maintaining inventory throughout the accounting period.
In addition to material costs, it accounts for stationary fixed and logistics costs, redeployment costs, and any miscellaneous charges which might affect ownership expenditure.
The core concept behind inventory optimization is to ensure adequate inventory is available in the correct quantity, at the right place, at the right time, and at the correct cost.